Multiple protein kinases contribute to cell wall integrity in <i>A</i>. <i>fumigatus</i>.

A) Protein kinase gene disruption mutants displaying increased susceptibility to both cell wall disrupting agents, calcofluor white (CFW) and congo red (CR), by spot-dilution assay when compared to the wild type parent (CEA10). B) Protein kinase gene disruption mutants displaying hyper-susceptibility to only CR when compared to the parent strain. C) Protein kinase gene disruptants displaying increased resistance to CFW (pkaC1-1) or to varying concentrations of CR (kfsA-1, cmkA-1, and stk22-1). For each target protein kinase gene, the systematic name is listed with the strain name given in parentheses. Strain names were designed using either the previously published or putative (based on homology to Aspergillus nidulans) gene names with the addition of “-1” to indicate a disruption mutation of that gene. GMM = glucose minimal media with no CFW or CR added. For all assays, conidial inocula were applied at 104, 103, 102, and 101 total conidia and plates were incubated at 37°C for 72 hrs.