Religious freedom and freedom of conscience: catholic and sunni traditions in debate

International audienceThe focus of this intervention about " religious freedom " and " freedom of conscience " is the way followed by the catholic and the sunni traditions to answer to a modern challenge : is individual liberty an upper principle than common truth ? Both included the higher number of believers in one God, and through the public authorities both have in the past established collectiv regulations in accordance to the lecture of their sacred texts and a Weltansschaung in which everyone could not be separate from the faith. Despite game of memories and shared convictions, the historian must say that one stable type has never been founded : each time, the system has been fragilized or destructed from the inner. The unprecedented fact is, for two centuries, that an alternativ has been proclamed face to the " Catholic State " or " Islamic State " and we will see the consequences. What about the others ? Actually the byzantin type (as the other eastern Churches) is no longer activ despite some greek temptations in the 1960's and the return of the orthodox visibility in Russia since the beginning of the 1990's. The jewish type, in Israël, is based on a tension between citizenship and nationality which open to practice inequality. The shi'as type shows two figures : on one side a liberal one in which a new religions (babism and bahaïsm for instance) could appear and growth ; on the other side, since the islamic revolution, the religious discrimination -even against the sunni