Euclidean lattices are a particularly powerful tool for severalalgorithmic topics, among which are cryptography and algorithmicnumber theory. The contributions of this thesis are twofold:we improve lattice basis reduction algorithms, and we introduce a new application of lattice reduction, in computer arithmetic. Concerning lattices, we consider both small dimensions (in dimension one, where the problem degenerates to a gcd calculation, and in dimensions 2 to 4), and arbitrary dimensions, forwhich we improve the classical LLL algorithm. Concerning the application, we make use of Coppersmith's method for computing the small roots of multivariate modular polynomials, in order to find the worst cases for the rounding of mathematical functions,...