The objective of this work is to propose a robust identification strategy, which allows to identify a constitutive relation for material rupture. The challenge is to be able to identify the parameters that control the rupture in a context of highly corrupted experimental data. After a first work where the strategy has been developed in an elastic framework, this thesis concentrates on the extension of the identification method to the nonlinear cases, first the viscoplasticity, then the delay damage model.The main difficulties in these cases are the non-linearity and the unstable character of the minimization problem under nonlinear constraints which is derived from theformulation. An extension of the LATIN method to ill-posed problems is pr...