Risk factors for the development of mental disorder in adolescence

Uvod: Dobro duševno zdravje je temelj zdravja, ki ga je potrebno negovati v vseh življenjskih oziroma starostnih obdobjih. Zelo občutljivo je obdobje adolescence. To obdobje je ključno za razvoj in ohranjanje družbenih in čustvenih navad, pomembnih za duševno počutje, in je pomemben napovedni dejavnik duševnega zdravja v odrasli dobi. Ocenjujejo, da ima 10–20 % otrok in mladostnikov po vsem svetu duševne motnje, vendar je še veliko primerov nediagnosticiranih in nezdravljenih. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je analizirati dejavnike tveganja za pojavnost duševnih motenj v adolescenci in raziskati preventivne aktivnosti zdravstvenega sistema na tem področju. Metode dela: V diplomskem delu smo uporabili deskriptivno metodo dela. Literatura je bila iskana v bibliografskih podatkovnih bazah Medline, CINAHL, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library in preko oddaljenega dostopa DiKUL. Članki, ki smo jih izbrali, so se nanašali na duševne motnje v adolescenci, dejavnike tveganja za razvoj duševne motnje v adolescenci, šolsko medicinsko sestro. Rezultati: Na razvoj duševne motnje pri mladostniku vpliva več dejavnikov. Odvisno je od lastnosti posameznika, socialnih in ekonomskih okoliščin ter okoljskih dejavnikov. Z razvojem duševnih motenj so povezani večja smrtnost med mladostniki in večje tveganje za agresivno vedenje, tvegano spolno vedenje in spolno prenosljive bolezni, nenačrtovane nosečnosti, opustitev šolanja, zloraba prepovedanih substanc. V Sloveniji imamo dobro zasnovano mrežo služb za duševno zdravje. Sodelovanje med posameznimi ustanovami bi lahko v prihodnje izboljšali. Razprava in zaključek: Družinska anamneza duševne motnje, izpostavljenost različnim substancam (alkohol, droge) v prenatalnem obdobju ter v prvem letu življenja, neuspeh v šoli, težave v družini, trpinčenje, slabo ekonomsko stanje, revščina ter drugi so dejavniki, ki povečajo tveganje za razvoj duševne motnje v adolescenci. Smiselna bi bila uvedba šolske medicinske sestre. Njena vloga bi bila spodbujanje dobrega duševnega zdravja, zgodnje prepoznavanje in podpora tistim, ki imajo že prisotno duševno motnjo. Ker so študije pokazale slabo poznavanje duševnih motenj in njihovih simptomov med mladostniki, bi bilo smiselno tudi zdravstveno vzgojno delo na tem področju. S tem bi lahko kakšen mladostnik že sam prej prepoznal simptom/-e duševne motnje.Introduction: Good mental health is the foundation of health that must be nurtured at all stages of life or age. The period of adolescence is very sensitive. This period is essential for the development and preservation of social and emotional habits that are important for mental well-being. It is also an important predicting factor of mental health in adulthood. It is estimated that 10–20% of children and adolescents worldwide have mental disorders. However, many cases remain undiagnosed and untreated. Purpose: The purpose of the thesis is to analyze the risk factors for the occurrence of mental disorders in adolescence and to research the preventive activities of the healthcare system in this area. Methods: In the thesis, we used the descriptive method of work. The literature was searched in bibliographic databases Medline, CINAHL, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, and through the DiKUL remote access. The articles we selected related to mental disorders in adolescence, risk factors for developing mental disorders in adolescence, and school nurses. Results: Several factors influence the development of a mental disorder in an adolescent. It depends on the characteristics of an individual, social and economic circumstances, and environmental factors. The development of mental disorders is associated with higher mortality among adolescents and an increased risk of aggressive behavior, risky sexual behavior and sexually transmitted diseases, unplanned pregnancies, dropping out of school, and the abuse of illegal substances. In Slovenia, there is a well-designed network of mental health services. Cooperation between individual institutions could be improved in the future. Discussion and conclusion: A family medical history of a mental disorder, exposure to various substances (alcohol and drugs) in the prenatal period and the first year of life, dropping out of school, family problems, abuse, poor economic conditions, poverty, and other factors increase the risk of developing mental disorders in adolescence. It would be reasonable to introduce a school nurse. Her role would be to encourage good mental health and to provide early identification and support of those who already have a mental disorder. Since studies have shown poor knowledge of mental disorders and their symptoms among adolescents, health education work in this area would also be reasonable. This could help several adolescents to recognize the symptoms of mental disorders earlier