Obsidian was used as a raw material for the lithic industry during prehistoric times. This material has specific properties allowing to identify its geological provenance. The rarity of obsidian sources and the interest of early men for obsidian make it one remarquable tracer of ancient exchanges and human contacts over large distances. We show the relative advantages, for chemical characterisation, of ion beam analyses by PIXE -Particle Induced X-ray Emission-, which allows non-destructive analysis and of Inductively Coupled Plasma, either as ICP-AES -Atomic Emission Spectrometry- and ICP-MS -Mass Spectrometry-, which need small samplings but allow the measurement of a large spectrum of elements. In an Andine area of South America (Colomb...