In this thesis, we study the computational aspects of Gentzen's LJ and LK-like formal systems (these systems are commonly called "sequent calculi"). In these systems, the computational mechanism is cut-elimination. Two interpretations are considered.Lambda-calculus is the framework of the first interpretation. We give a Curry-Howard-like correspondence between LJ and a syntactical variant of lambda-calculus. This variant includes an explicit "let _ in _" substitution operator. A confluent and strongly normalizing normalisation/cut-elimination procedure is given. The extension to LK is done by using the mu operator of Parigot's lambda-mu-calculus.Game theory is the framework of the second interpretation: sequent calculi proofs are seen as wi...