Electronic excitations, spectroscopy and quantum transport from ab initio theory

Spectroscopy and quantum transport constitute powerful ways to study the physics of matter and to access the electronic and atomic structure. Excitations, in turn determined by the electronic and atomic structure, lie at the origin of spectroscopy and quantum transport. Ab initio calculation of excited states requires to go beyond ground-state density-functional theory (DFT). In this work we review three theoretical frameworks beyond DFT: the first is time-dependent density-functional theory to describe neutral excitations and to address energy-loss and optical spectroscopies. We introduce the theory and the fundamental approximations, i.e. the RPA and the adiabatic LDA, together with the results one can get with them at the example of bulk silicon and graphite. We then describe the developments we contributed to the theory beyond TDLDA to better describe optical spectroscopy, in particular the long-range contribution-only and the Nanoquanta exchange-correlation kernel approximations. The second framework is many-body quantum field theory (or Green's function theory) in the GW approximation and beyond, well suited to describe photoemission spectroscopy. After a review of the theory and its main success on the prediction of the band gap, we present two applications on unconventional systems: 2D graphene and strongly correlated vanadium dioxide. We discuss the next frontiers of GW, closing with perspectives beyond GW and MBQFT. The last part presents non-equilibrium Green's function theory suited to address quantum transport. We show how it reduces to the state-of-the-art Landauer principal layers framework when neglecting correlations. We present a calculation of the conductance on a very simple system, a gold monoatomic chain, showing the effect of electron-electron scattering effects. Finally we present theoretical developments toward a new workbench beyond the principal layers, which led us to the introduction of new generalized Meir and Wingreen and Fisher-Lee formulas. This work compares the theoretical and practical aspects of both Green's function and density based approaches, each one benefiting insights from the other, and presents an overview of accomplishments and perspectives