Current innovations in electronics combine performance, size and cost criteria. Nevertheless, in the all-digital era, CMOS technologies are confronted by stagnating electrical performances. In parallel, multitask heterogeneous systems are moving towards an extreme complexification of their architectures, increasing cost of design and manufacture dramatically. Electrical performance and Heterogeneity challenges seem to converge towards a common requirement. The three-dimensional integration of integrated circuits is a viable industrial solution to obtain the ultimate architecture required. This vertical architecture leads to miniaturized high value heterogeneous systems by stacking several IC featuring various functionalities. The electrical...