Least square inversion methods require wave propagation modeling by linear equations. It is in modeling that the main part of this work, which includes four chapters, has been done. In the first chapter we start with the inversion of a locally disturbed medium that is to say we look for an heterogeneity of given shape in an homogeneous matrix. We show in this simple case the influence of the source on the non-linearity of the cost function. In the second chapter we introduce and analyze a family of numerical schemes for the acoustic wave equation in homogeneous media. These schemes are of order two or four in time and of any order in space. We estimate the computational cost of modeling and advice a choice for the number of points per wavel...