In this thesis, we are interested in adapting algorithms to parallel architectures. Current high performance platforms have several levels of parallelism and require a significant amount of work to make the most of them. Supercomputers possess more and more computational units and are more and more heterogeneous and hierarchical, which make their use very difficult.We take an interest in several aspects which enable to benefit from modern parallel architectures. Throughout this thesis, several problems with different natures are tackled, more theoretically or more practically according to the context and the scale of the considered parallel platforms.We have worked on modeling problems in order to adapt their formulation to existing solvers...