The thesis focuses on the enhancement of stiffness modeling of serial and parallel manipulators with passive joints under an essential loading. The developed technique takes into account different types of loadings: external force/torque applied to the end-point, internal preloading in the joints and auxiliary forces/torques applied to intermediate points. In contrast to previous works, the proposed technique includes computing an equilibrium configuration, which exactly corresponds to the loading. This allows to obtain the full-scale force-deflection relation for any given workspace point and to linearise it taking into account variation of the manipulator Jacobian because of the external force/torque. The proposed approach also enables de...