Seasonal CO2 and H2O ices play a ma jor role in the current climate of Mars. Their condensation/sublimation cycle largely control the variations of atmospheric pressure and humidity. The aim of this thesis is to provide new observational constraints to the surface/atmosphere interactions during the retreat of the northern seasonal deposits. Using near infrared hyperspectral images from the OMEGA instrument (Mars Express), the extent of the seasonal CO2 and H2 O ices was mapped from winter solstice to summer solstice. A water ice annulus systematically surrounds the CO2 -rich seasonal deposits. It is an important source of water vapor during its sublimation. A water ice layer progressively covers the CO2 ice. It results from two processes : ...