Nowadays, attacks against computer systems may involve hardware components in order to bypass the numerous countermeasures against malicious software. This PhD thesis focuses on this novel class of attacks and specifically deals with Input/Output attacks. In such attacks, attackers divert legitimate hardware features, such as I/O mechanisms, to achieve different malicious actions. Since detecting such attacks by conventional software techniques is not easy (as far as they do not require the intervention of the CPU), we have analyzed these attacks in order to propose appropriate countermeasures based mainly on reliable and unavoidable hardware components. This manuscript focuses on two cases : hardware components that can be deliberately des...