Viscoelastic materials are used in all areas of engineering and mechanical systems, appliances, aerospace, automotive, aerospace and civil engineering (bridges...) through their ability to absorb shock and vibration filtering. This work is a contribution to the study of nonlinear dynamic behavior of viscoelastic components particularly elastomers. In this dissertation, we introduced the mechanical properties of elastomers, for both viscoelasticity and friction aspects. A review of the different physical phenomena and a non-exhaustive list of existing models in the literature are presented. Then, we propose experimental techniques to describe the dynamic behavior under uniaxial stress of an elastomer. A description of test benches, vibration...