Caractérisation du fonctionnement des failles actives à l'Est de l'Iran par approches couplées géodésiques (GPS et InSAR) et tectoniques; implications sur l'aléa sismique

Eastern Iran has a crucial role in accommodating the Arabia-Eurasia convergence. We used permanent and campaign Global Positioning System (GPS) networks to estimate the present-day kinematics and the slip rates on most faults in Central-Eastern Iran and Kopeh Dagh. Also we used differential Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) interferometry to estimate the interseismic deformation along two major faults in Eastern Iran, the Shahroud and Doruneh faults. In Eastern Iran, 14 mm/yr of right-lateral shear is accommodated on the East-Lut, West-Lut, Kuhbanan, Anar and Dehshir right-lateral faults. These faults slip laterally at 5.6 ± 0.6, 4.4 ± 0.4, 3.6 ± 1.3, 2.0 ± 0.7 and 1.4 ±0.9 mm/yr, respectively from east to west and they divide the Central-Eastern Iranian crust in five blocks that are moving northwards at 6-13 mm/yr with respect to Eurasia. The NS faults accommodate additional NS shortening by rotating counterclockwise in the horizontal plane, at current rates of up to 0.8°Ma. In the North of theses faults is situated the EW orientated left-lateral Doruneh fault. We obtain less than 4 mm/yr of slip rate using SAR ENVISAT data which correspond to the GPS results from average velocity differences to each side of the fault. North of Doruneh, our GPS velocities suggest a rigid-body rotation of the South Caspian Basin (SCB) about an Euler pole that is located further away than previously thought. This NW motion of SCB is accommodated by right-lateral slip on the Ashkabad fault (at a rate of up to 7 mm/yr) and by up to 4-6 mm/yr of summed left-lateral slip across the Shahroud left-lateral strike-slip system. The time series analysis of two ENVISAT SAR images covering the Shahroud faults system helps localizing the left-lateral slip on individual faults. We perform a 2-D elastic half-space modeling of two tracks. The modeling results yield 4.75 ± 0.5 mm/yr of left-lateral slip rate on the Abr (~ longitude 55°) and Jajarm (~longitude 56°) strand of the Shahroud fault system with a 10 ± 4 km locking depth, highlighting the important contribution of these faults to seismic hazard in the highly populated NE Iran.Nous avons utilisé deux techniques de géodésie spatiale (Global Navigation Satellite System, GNSS, et Interférométrie d'images radar satellite, InSAR) pour estimer la cinématique actuelle et les taux de glissement de la plupart des failles de l'Est et du Nord-Est de l'Iran. En Iran de l'Est, 14 mm/an de cisaillement dextre est accommodé sur les failles décrochantes dextres Est-Lut, West-Lut, Kuhbanan, Anar et Dehshir. Ces failles glissent latéralement à 5.6 ± 0.6, 4.4 ± 0.4, 3.6 ± 1.3, 2.0 ± 0.7 et 1.4 ± 0.9 mm/an, respectivement, de l'est à l'ouest. Au nord de ces failles, nos vitesses GNSS suggèrent une rotation de block rigide du bassin Sud Caspien (SCB) autour d'un pôle qui se trouve plus loin qu'on ne le pensait précédemment. Ce mouvement NW de SCB implique un glissement dextre de jusqu'à 7 mm/an sur la faille Ashkabad, et jusqu'à 4-6 mm/an de glissement senestre à travers le système des failles de Shahroud (SFS). L'analyse InSAR en séries temporelles localise 4.75 ± 0.5 mm/an de glissement senestre plus spécifiquement sur les failles d'Abr et Jajarm