Foresters need tools to map the tree species, tree heights, stand structure and biomass. Although the airborne lidar (Light detection and ranging) technology does not give access to all these variables, it can provide quick, accurate and spatially explicit measurements of tree heights and biomass over large surfaces. However, lidar systems currently used have not been specially designed to performed vegetation studies. The adjustment of the technical characteristics of such systems is expected to improve the accuracy of retrieved forest parameters. Consequently, the objective of this thesis is to determine configurations of lidar sensors dedicated to the study of forest vegetation, and to propose methods designed to extract forest parameter...