This thesis is motivated by the numerical simulation of Non Destructive Testing by ultrasonic waves. It aims at designing a method to compute by Finite Element (EF) the diffraction of elastic waves in time-harmonic regime by a bounded defect in an anisotropic plate. The goal is to take into account an infinite plate and to restrict the FE calculations to a bounded area. This point is difficult due to the anisotropy and, in particular, methods such as perfectly matched layers fail.In this thesis, we have mainly considered two-dimensional cases that enabled us to implement the main ingredients of a method designed for the three-dimensional case of the plate. The first part deals with the diffraction problem in an infinite strip. The classica...