This thesis work is aimed at preparing novel carbon based microelectrodes, revealing adequate electrochemical characteristics for the realization of microfluidic devices which could apply for the detection of biological pollutants in aqueous environment. This work describes the realization of carbon based electrodes made of grahene, pyrolyzed photoresist films, and diamond on silicon carbide, allowing their structuration and integration in a process formed by multiple technological steps. The elaboration of these elements implies the use of technics used in microelectronics. Processes of patterning such as lithography and dry etching, but also deposition technics or even thermal treatments were used. This thesis also shows the elaboration o...