Nastygram Federalism: A Look at Federal Self-Audit Policy

This Article examines the evolution of EPA\u27s audit policy, explores the reasons for states\u27 dissatisfaction with it, and then discusses whether the federal policy should have been issued as a rule under the Administrative Procedure Act (APA). Part I examines the evolution of the federal audit policy and then analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of the policy in its current form. Part II explores various types of evidentiary privilege and looks at the arguments for and against extending the privilege to audit reports. It then offers a similar analysis of the case for limited immunity, concluding that neither an expanded privilege nor immunity is necessary to encourage compliance audits, and that both provisions can seriously undermine the public\u27s right to know and the Agency\u27s law enforcement abilities. Part III clarifies the distinction between policies and rules under the APA in order to determine whether EPA\u27s audit policy is actually a rule in disguise. The Article concludes that the federal audit policy offers sufficient enticements to industry to self-audit. The overall goal of both the state and federal policies should be heightened compliance with environmental laws. Yet, state statutes bedeck the audit process with incentives to the point where companies potentially could gain more by auditing than through complying with the law. Such laws treat audits as an end in themselves. This is a dangerous trend. Business uncertainties concerning the interpretation and impact of environmental laws should be allayed through compliance rather than through audits alone. The federal audit policy, unadorned by privilege or immunity clauses, does not hallow audits, but offers only limited incentives as part of an overall policy of encouraging lawful behavior