Ultraviolet–Visible–Near Infrared Spectroscopy in Catalysis: Theory, Experiment, Analysis, and Application under Reaction Conditions

This review focuses on the application of ultraviolet visible–near infrared (UV–vis–NIR) spectroscopy for the investigation of solid catalysts under operating conditions. The differences between measurements made in transmission mode and in reflection mode are summarized, and the corresponding equations for data analysis are introduced. The Kubelka–Munk function is derived, and its usage is discussed critically. The advantages of various optical accessories such as integrating spheres, mirror optics, and fiber optics are contrasted. Designs of cells for treatment of catalysts at various temperatures and in various environments are described. An overview of investigations of catalysts during and after various treatments is given, and investigations of catalysts under reaction conditions are emphasized. The advantages of using UV–vis spectroscopy in combination with other spectroscopic methods in a single apparatus are illustrated