Nanocarbons for the Development of Advanced Catalysts

1. Introduction 2. Synthesis of Novel Nanostructured Carbon Materials 2.1. Carbon Nanotubes 2.2. Graphene 2.3. Ordered Mesoporous Carbon 2.4. Carbon Hierarchy 2.5. Macroscopic Shaping of Nanocarbon 3. Functionalization of Nanocarbon Materials 3.1. Liquid-Phase Functionalization of Nanocarbon 3.2. Gas-Phase Functionalization of Nanocarbon 4. Characterization and Modeling 4.1. Characterization of Carbon 4.1.1. Microcalorimetry 4.1.2. Temperature-Programmed and Ambient Pressure Photoelectron Spectroscopy 4.1.3. Advanced Electron Microscopy 4.2. Theoretical Modeling 5. Nanocarbons in Catalytic Reactions 5.1. Enhanced Characteristics as a Support for Catalytic Functionalities 5.2. Stabilization of Small Catalytic Particles with Enhanced Catalytic Behavior 5.3. Direct Catalytic Role of Nanocarbon Functional Groups 5.4. Nanoconfinement 5.5. Electron-Transfer Induced Changes in the Properties of Supported Nanoparticles 5.6. Defect-Related Catalytic Reactivity 5.7. Catalysis by Two-Dimensional Carbon Nanomaterials 6. Concluding Remarks and Perspective