The Framework for Supporting Renewable Energy in Europe: Implementing Directive 2009/28/EC

This publication is based on research carried out in the frame work of the Loyola de Palacio Energy Policy Programme of the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European University Institute.1. Introduction - 93 2. A Brief Historical Background - 95 3. Legal Basis - 96 4. Instruments to Promote the Production and Use of Renewable Energy Sources 98 4.1. Introduction - 98 4.2. Mandatory National Targets - 98 4.2.1. Introduction - 98 4.2.2. Legally Binding Targets - 99 4.2.3. Compliance - 99 4.3. Cooperation between Member States - 100 4.3.1. Introduction - 100 4.3.2. Statistical (Virtual) Transfers between Member States - 101 4.3.3. Joint Projects in the EU - 102 4.3.4. Joint Projects with Third Countries - 103 4.3.5. Joint Support Schemes - 105 4.3.6. Assessment - 106 4.4. N ational Renewable Energy Action Plans - 106 4.5. R eduction of Administrative and Regulatory Barriers - 108 4.5.1. Introduction - 108 4.5.2. A uthorisation, Certification and Licensing of Renewable Energy Technologies - 108 4.5.3. Information and Training - 110 4.6. G rid Access Barriers - 111 4.7. The Role of Guarantees of Origin - 112 4.8. A Pan-European Sustainability Regime for Biofuels - 113 5. Implementation of the 2009 Directive - 115 6. Conclusion – 11