Energy efficient electrical drives

Diplomsko delo obravnava problematiko prekomerne porabe električne energije zaradi starejših in energijsko neučinkovitih električnih strojev ter predstavlja temeljne rešitve in smernice za odpravo teh pomanjkljivosti. V uvodnem poglavju je predstavljena okoljska problematika, zaradi katere je Evropska komisija sprejela uredbe in direktive za zmanjšanje porabe električne energije povezane z neučinkovitimi in zastarelimi elektromotorji. Predstavljeni so vzroki in negativne posledice povezane s prekomernim spuščanjem ogljikovega dioksida v ozračje. V drugem poglavju dela so kronološko navedene in opisane uredbe ter direktive, ki so bistveno vplivale na razvoj sodobnih visoko-učinkovitih elektromotorjev. Predstavljene so zahteve, ki jih morajo proizvajalci elektromotorjev izpolnjevati, da zadostijo uredbam Evropske komisije ter navedene smernice razvoja elektromotorjev z ultra-visokim izkoristkom. V tretjem delu so predstavljeni vzroki za neučinkovitost starejših električnih strojev ter podane temeljne rešitve za odpravo izgub povezanih z uporabljenimi materiali in tehnologijo izdelave. Navedene so okvirne smernice za povečanje učinkovitosti že obstoječim vrstam elektromotorjev. Predstavljen je tudi način izboljšanja učinkovitosti pogonskega sistema z uporabo izmeničnih presmernikov. V četrtem poglavju je predstavljen asinhronski motor z bakreno kratkostično kletko. Navedene so vrste in načini izdelave ter podane ključne prednosti bakrene kratkostične kletke v primerjavi s konvencionalno izvedbo z aluminijevo kratkostično kletko. V zadnjem poglavju so predstavljene vrste ter načini delovanja sodobnih visoko-učinkovitih sinhronskih motorjev. Opisane so lastnosti ter prednosti teh novodobnih motorjev v primerjavi z obstoječimi konvencionalnimi motorji.Thesis deals with the problem of excessive consumption of electricity due to obsolete and energetically inefficient electric motors and presents the fundamental solutions and guidelines to address these shortcomings. The introduction part addresses the environmental impacts of outdated electric motors, due to which the European Commission adopted regulations and directives in order to reduce the consumption of electric energy. The causes and negative impacts associated with excessive release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere are presented. In the second chapter the regulations and directives, which had substantial influence on the development of modern high-efficient electric motors, are chronologically listed and presented. We presented the requirements that must be met by manufacturers of electric motors in order to meet the regulations adopted by European Commission and indicated guidelines for the development of electric motors with ultra-high efficiency. In the third chapter we discussed the causes for the inefficiency of older electric machines and provided the fundamental solutions to eliminate losses in electric motors associated with the manufacturing materials and technology. The guidelines for increasing the effectiveness of existing types of electric motors are indicated. We also presented a way of improving the efficiency of the drive system using variable-frequency drive. The forth chapter deals with three phase induction motors with copper squirrel cage. We indicated the types and manufacturing procedures and provided the essential advantages of the copper squirrel cage compared with the conventional design with an aluminum cage. In the last chapter we presented the types and operating modes of advanced high-efficient synchronous electric motors. We described the properties and benefits of these modern electric motors compared to existing conventional ones