The tropicalization of temperate marine ecosystems: Climate-mediated changes in herbivory and community phase shifts

Adriana Vergés et al.Climate-driven changes in biotic interactions can profoundly alter ecological communities, particularly when they impact foundation species. In marine systems, changes in herbivory and the consequent loss of dominant habitat forming species can result in dramatic community phase shifts, such as from coral to macroalgal dominance when tropical fish herbivory decreases, and from algal forests to 'barrens' when temperate urchin grazing increases. Here, we propose a novel phase-shift away from macroalgal dominance caused by tropical herbivores extending their range into temperate regions. We argue that this phase shift is facilitated by poleward-flowing boundary currents that are creating ocean warming hotspots around the globe, enabling the range expansion of tropical species and increasing their grazing rates in temperate areas. Overgrazing of temperate macroalgae by tropical herbivorous fishes has already occurred in Japan and the Mediterranean. Emerging evidence suggests similar phenomena are occurring in other temperate regions, with increasing occurrence of tropical fishes on temperate reefs. © 2014 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.We thank the Evolution and Ecology Research Centre (UNSW) for funding the workshop on the tropicalization of temperate marine ecosystems that resulted in this review. This study resulted from a workshop convened by A.V., P.D.S. and A.G.P. entitled ‘Shifting species interactions and the tropicalization of temperate marine ecosystems’, held at the Sydney Institute of Marine Science (Australia) in November 2011Peer Reviewe