Characterization and disruption of the cipC gene in the ochratoxigenic fungus Aspergillus carbonarius

Aspergillus carbonarius is considered the most important ochratoxin A (OTA) producing fungi among those causing OTA contamination in grapes and grape-derived products. CipC is a small protein with unknown function that was previously found to be highly up-regulated in an OTA producer strain of A. carbonarius in comparison to a non OTA producer strain. In this study, cipC was characterized and disrupted via Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation in an ochratoxigenic A. carbonarius strain in order to study whether this gene has a role in OTA production. Sequence analysis indicated that the promoter region of cipC contains putative binding sites for transcription factors that regulate the utilization of nutrients, the stress response and detoxification processes, all factors that can influence mycotoxin biosynthesis. Although the {increment}. cipC mutant grew similarly to the wild type strain, the null mutant showed a much higher OTA production. Moreover, when A. carbonarius was grown under the oxidative stress conditions imposed by the presence of hydrogen peroxide, cipC gene expression was up-regulated. These results indicate that cipC is not directly involved in OTA biosynthesis, but sequence analysis of the A. carbonarius cipC gene promoter and the phenotype of the δ cipC disrupted mutant suggests that CipC could be a stress response protein that would be up-regulated concomitantly with OTA production. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.A. Crespo-Sempere was recipient of a FPI fellowship from the Spanish Government. This research was supported by grants AGL2005-00707 and AGL2008-04828-C03-02 from the Spanish Government.Peer Reviewe