Demographic responses to warming: reproductive maturity and sex influence vulnerability in an octocoral

10 pages, 3 figures, 2 tables, electronic supplementary material http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00338-015-1332-9Ocean warming, caused by climate change, is critically impacting marine coastal ecosystems. Benthic organisms, such as anthozoans, are increasingly submitted to high temperatures that cause massive mortalities in tropical and temperate seas. To broaden our understanding of their response to thermal stress, we tested the putative role of reproductive maturity and sex in the susceptibility of the Mediterranean red gorgonian, Paramuricea clavata, to high temperatures. We experimentally compared the response to thermal stress of sexually immature (i.e., juveniles) versus mature individuals (i.e., adults), and of males versus females. Colonies’ response was firstly assessed by measuring the percentage of tissue area exhibiting necrosis. Then, the reproductive output (i.e., fertility, size, and number of gonads) of both sexes was characterized. When compared to juveniles, adults showed a significantly higher percentage of necrosis, suggesting that during the reproductive period they are more vulnerable to high temperatures. Males and females showed a similar percentage of tissue damage and a significant decrease in their reproductive output. However, females’ reproduction was more impacted, suggesting that females are more susceptible to thermal stress than males. A differential energy investment in reproduction may be the underlying cause of the observed responses. Adults invest a large proportion of their energy budget in reproduction; hence, they have fewer resources available to cope with stress, compared to juveniles. A similar situation seems to apply to females, with respect to males. Considering the current ocean-warming trend, our results imply that the long-term viability of shallow populations of long-lived anthozoans may be jeopardized in the future. This study reveals potential demographic consequences of warming that go beyond its associated increment of mortality rates. Given the important ecological role of many anthozoan species, these results can help better predict the future effects of climate change on coastal ecosystemsThis study was partially funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitivity through the Smart Project (CGL2012-32194) and by the ‘‘Organismo Autonomo de Parques Nacionales’’ through the Corclim Project (579S/2012). Additional funding was provided by a Ramon y Cajal research contract (RyC-2011-08134) to CL, a PhD grant (FIDGR 2011) from the CUR-DIUE-Generalitat de Catalunya and the European Social Fund to RAM, a research grant (2014 SGR 464) from the Departament d’Economia i Coneixement de la Generalitat de Catalunya to SC, and a postdoctoral grant (SFRH/BPD/74400/2010) from Fundaçao para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) to JBLPeer Reviewe