Maternal mortality at a tertiary hospital in Rio Grande do Sul - Brazil : a twenty-year study

Objetivo: analisar os casos de morte materna ocorridos no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), hospital universitário de referência para gestação de alto risco no Rio Grande do Sul. Métodos: realizamos estudo retrospectivo analisando os prontuários médicos das mulheres entre 10 e 49 anos que morreram no HCPA no período de 1980 a 1999. Foram analisadas apenas as mortes relacionadas a gestação e puerpério (até 365 dias após o término da gestação), independente do tipo e duração da gestação. As causas foram separadas em causas obstétricas diretas, obstétricas indiretas e causas não obstétricas. Resultados: entre as causas obstétricas diretas (61,7%), destacaram-se a hipertensão arterial (18,5%), a infecção pós-cesariana (16%) e o aborto séptico (12,3%). Dentre as causas obstétricas indiretas (23,5%), as mais prevalentes foram a cardiopatia (8,6%), o fígado gorduroso agudo (3,5%) e o lúpus eritematoso sistêmico (2,5%). Dentre as causas não obstétricas (15,0%), destacam-se as neoplasias malignas (7,4%) e a AIDS (3,7%). Conclusões: a prevalência das principais causas de morte materna não sofreu modificação nas últimas duas décadas, sendo que a principal causa continua sendo a hipertensão arterial. Também, há número significativo de mortes relacionadas à cesariana (relacionadas ao procedimento) e às infecções. Podemos concluir que a prevalência de causas obstétricas diretas aponta para a baixa capacidade de prevenção de morte materna no nosso sistema de saúde.Purpose: to analyze maternal death cases that occurred at the “Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre”, a reference university hospital for high-risk pregnancies in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Methods: we carried out a retrospective study of medical records of 10- to 49-year-old women who died at the hospital between 1980 and 1999. Deaths related to pregnancy and puerperium were analyzed independently of the kind and duration of pregnancy. The causes were classified into direct obstetric, indirect obstetric and nonobstetric, according to their association with pregnancy, delivery and puerperium disorders. Results: a total of 81 patients with a mean age of 28.5 years were studied. The maternal mortality rate was 109 per 100,000 live births. Direct obstetric causes made up 61.7% of deaths. Indirect causes made up 23.5% of deaths. Nonobstetric causes made up 15.0% of the total. Among direct obstetric causes, arterial hypertension (18.5%), postcesarean infection (16%), and septic abortion (12.3%) were the most prevalent. The main maternal mortality events among indirect obstetric causes were cardiopathy (8.6%), acute fatty liver disease (3.5%), and systemic lupus erythematosus (2.5%). Among the nonobstetric causes, malignant neoplasia (7.4%) and AIDS (3.7%) were the most important. Conclusions: the prevailing causes of maternal death have not changed in the last two decades. The main cause is still hypertension. There is an expressive number of deaths related to cesarean section and infections. The high prevalence of direct obstetric causes shows the low maternal mortality prevention capacity of our health care system