Factores socioeconómicos y culturales de la atención materna en la enfermedad respiratoria infantil

Objetivo: compreender os fatores sociais, econômicos e culturais do cuidado materno na doença respiratória infantil. Método: trata-se de pesquisa etnográfica, baseada na etnoenfermagem, de abordagem qualitativa e com o referencial da Teoria do Cuidado Cultural de Madeleine Leininger. Foi realizada na Estratégia de Saúde da Família e em domicílios do Morro do Fubá, no bairro de Cascadura, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, de agosto a dezembro de 2010. As informantes-chave foram 21 mães de crianças com doença respiratória aguda (DRA) e os informantes gerais foram 5 agentes comunitários de saúde. Foi utilizado o formulário sócio-econômico-cultural e os dados foram analisados segundo os fatores socioculturais do primeiro nível do Modelo de Sunrise da Teoria da Diversidade e Universalidade de Madeleine Leininger. Resultados: dentre as 21 mulheres, 4 eram do Nordeste e 17 do Sudeste. A idade variou entre 20 e 45 anos. Quanto às doenças respiratórias das crianças, 13 tinham bronquite, 2 tinham asma, 4 tiveram pneumonia, 2 tiveram bronquiolite, 2 apresentaram amigdalite, 3 tiveram rinite alérgica, 8 tiveram resfriado e 1 teve gripe. Conclusão: constatou-se que alguns fatores facilitam (tecnológicos, religiosos e filosóficos, além de companheirismo e vida social) e outros dificultam (econômicos e educacionais, além de valores culturais, modos de vida e ambiente domiciliar) o cuidado materno aos filhos com doença respiratória no contexto do Morro do Fubá.Objective: to understand the social, economic, and cultural factors of maternal care in children's respiratory disease. Method: this is an ethnographic research, based on ethnonursing, with a qualitative approach and the frame of Madeleine Leininger’s Culture Care Theory. It was carried out in the Family Health Strategy and in households at Morro do Fuba, in the district of Cascadura, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from August to December 2010. The key informants were 21 mothers of children with acute respiratory disease (ARD) and the general informants were 5 community health agents. The socio-economic-cultural form was used and the data were analyzed in accordance with the first level sociocultural factors of the Sunrise Model of Madeleine Leininger’s Theory of Diversity and Universality. Results: among the 21 women, 4 were from the Northeast and 17 from the Southeast. Ages ranged between 20 and 45 years. Regarding the children’s respiratory diseases, 13 had bronchitis, 2 had asthma, 4 had pneumonia, 2 had bronchiolitis, 2 had tonsillitis, 3 had allergic rhinitis, 8 had cold, and 1 had influenza. Conclusion: it was found that some factors facilitate (technological, religious, and philosophical ones, as well as fellowship and social life) and other hamper (economic and educational ones, as well as cultural values, lifestyles, and home environment) maternal care for children with a respiratory disease in the context of Morro do Fuba