Rac1 modulates TGF-b1-mediated epithelial cell plasticity and MMP9 production in transformed keratinocytes

Transforming growth factor-b1 (TGF-b1) activates Rac1 GTPase in mouse transformed keratinocytes. Expression of a constitutively active Q61LRac1 mutant induced an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) linked to stimulation of cell migration and invasion. On the contrary, expression of a dominant-negative N17TRac1 abolished TGF-b1-induced cell scattering, migration and invasion. Moreover, Q61LRac1 enhanced metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) production to levels comparable to those induced by TGF-b1, while N17TRac1 was inhibitory. TGF-b1-mediated EMT involves the expression of the E-cadherin repressor Snail1, regulated by the Rac1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Furthermore, MMP9 production was MAPK-dependent, as the MEK inhibitor PD98059 decreased TGF-b1-induced MMP9 expression and secretion in Q61LRac1 expressing cells. We propose that regulation of TGF-b1-mediated plasticity of transformed keratinocytes requires the cooperation between the Rac1 and MAPK signalling pathways.The financial support of the Fund for Science and Technology of Chile (grants FONDECYT #1050476 and # 3000045 to J.F.S.), the University of Chile (DID # I003-99/2 to J.F.S.), the Ministry of Science and Technological Development, Republic of Serbia (Grant #145048) and the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (SAF2007-63821 to M.Q.) is gratefully acknowledged