A measurement of the decay time dependent $CP$-violating asymmetry in $B_s^0 \to \phi\phi$ decays is presented, along with measurements of the $T$-odd triple-product asymmetries. In this decay channel, the $CP$-violating weak phase arises from the interference between $B_s^0$-$\overline{B}_s^0$ mixing and the loop-induced decay amplitude. Using a sample of proton-proton collision data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $3.0\, fb^{-1}$ collected with the LHCb detector, a signal yield of approximately 4000 $B_s^0 \to \phi\phi$ decays is obtained. The $CP$-violating phase is measured to be ${\phi_s =-0.17\pm0.15\mathrm{\,(stat)}\pm0.03\mathrm{\,(syst)}}$ rad. The triple-product asymmetries are measured to be ${A_U=-0.003\pm0.017\math...