A basis to estimate marginal cost for air traffic in Sweden. : Modelling of ozone, primary and secondary particles and deposition of sulfur and nitrogen.

In this study we have investigated the effects of emissions from aviation on air quality in both Swedish and European domains. The results will be used as a basis to estimate the marginal cost for air traffic in Sweden. The vertical, geographical and temporal distribution of aviation emissions over Sweden has been estimated using a newly developed methodology. The aviation emissions have been categorized by their emission altitude (LTO, low cruise and high cruise) and flight nationality (international, national and overflight). This aviation emission information was then used as input data to the regional atmospheric chemistry model MATCH to simulate the effects of aviation emissions on ecosystem, health and climate metrics. A total of 17 model simulations over three years have been performed. There is one simulation in which all emitted species from the surface and aviation emissions are included and eight simulations in which all aviation emissions from each combination of emission altitude and flight nationality are included. There are eight simulations in which NOx aviation emissions from each combination of emission altitude and flight nationality are included. Using these simulations, contributions from aviation emissions to deposition, concentrations and a range of different air pollution metrics has been calculated. The results are calculated in both the Europe and Swedish domains for all the simulations. The following results are included in this report: . Deposition of oxidised and reduced nitrogen . Deposition of excess sulfur . AOT40 and SOMO35 and their exposures . Concentration and exposure of primary and secondary particles . Concentration of nitrate and sulfate particles . Concentration of surface and above surface ozone In summary, contributions from aviation emissions in Sweden to the different concentrations, deposition and metrics for environmental effects are generally small, on the order of a few per mille or less. However the impacts can be traced in the simulations well beyond the Swedish borders. LTO emissions give the largest contribution to deposition of oxidised and reduced nitrogen, deposition of excess sulfur and concentrations of primary and secondary particles. In particular near the major airports like Stockholm-Arlanda and Gothenburg-Landvetter. High cruise emissions give insignificant contributions to deposition and concentrations at surface level. LTO emissions give a negative contribution to surface ozone concentration locally at the main Swedish airports but give an overall increased contribution in the regions around. Aviation emissions at low cruise and high cruise levels have the largest effect on ozone concentrations at higher levels.