Data and platform co-operatives amidst the European algorithmic and liquid citizenship

Europe increasingly operates online; a scattered geography creates a different reality in which political decisions and national laws transform physical space into virtual territory. Digital economies are integrated, populations are mobile, and the cyber- or techno-political domain is merging with physical reality or the city-regional domain. However, this virtual and analogic merger does not occur automatically and has even less respect for fixed territorial borders. As such, citizens today are increasingly (though unwittingly) digitally connected through artificial intelligence (AI) and machine-learning devices that remain unevenly and pervasively distributed, fuelling a ‘liquid’ sense of global and ‘algorithmic’ cosmopolitan citizenship (Calzada, 2018a; Castells, 2018; Khanna, 2016)