Structure constrained controller design for power plants and EV aggregator in frequency regulation considering time delays

Frequency control is the major concern for the integration of renewable energy into power systems. Electric vehicles (EV) are suggested to mitigate the system frequency deviation due to its vehicle-to-grid (V2G) capability and quick response characteristic. In this paper, the EVs are modeled by an EV aggregator and responded to the measureable states, such as system frequency, outputs of power plants and EV aggregator. Thus, a structure constrained feedback controller for the power plants and the EV aggregator is designed. However, the time delays during the transmission of control signal and state variable are inevitable. To deal with the time delays in the input and state variables, the Pade approximation is applied to construct the state space equations for the time delays. An equivalent augmented system without time delay is derived, in which the linear quadratic regulator (LQR) method is applied to derive the structure constrained feedback controller. Effectiveness and correctness of the proposed method are validated by a simple Great Britain power system in 2020