WISP-2 in human gastric cancer and its potential metastatic suppressor role in gastric cancer cells mediated by JNK and PLC-γ pathways

Background: It has recently been shown that WISP proteins (Wnt-inducted secreted proteins), a group of intra- and extra-cellular regulatory proteins, have been implicated in the initiation and progression of a variety of tumour types including colorectal and breast cancer. However, the role of WISP proteins in gastric cancer (GC) cells and their clinical implications have not yet been elucidated. Methods: The expression of WISP molecules in a cohort of GC patients was analysed using real-time quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry. The expression of a panel of recognised epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers was quantified using Q-PCR in paired tumour and normal tissues. WISP-2 knockdown (kd) sublines using ribozyme transgenes were created in the GC cell lines AGS and HGC27. Subsequently, several biological functions, including cell growth, adhesion, migration and invasion, were studied. Potential pathways for the interaction of EMT, extracellular matrix and MMP were evaluated. Results: Overexpression of WISP-2 was detected in GC and significantly correlated with early tumour node-metastasis staging, differentiation status and positively correlated with overall survival and disease-free survival of the patients. WISP-2 expression was inversely correlated with that of Twist and Slug in paired samples. Kd of WISP-2 expression promoted the proliferation, migration and invasion of GC cells. WISP-2 suppressed GC cell metastasis through reversing EMT and suppressing the expression and activity of MMP9 and MMP2 via JNK and ERK. Cell motility analysis indicated that WISP-2 kd contributed to GC cells’ motility and can be attenuated by PLC-γ and JNK small inhibitors. Conclusions: Increased expression of WISP-2 in GC is positively correlated with favourable clinical features and the survival of patients with GC and is a negative regulator of growth, migration and invasion in GC cells. These findings suggest that WISP-2 is a potential tumour suppressor in GC