From spreading to embedding innovation in healthcare: implications for theory and practice

Issue In broad terms, current thinking and literature on the spread of innovations in healthcare presents it as the study of two unconnected processes – diffusion across adopting organizations, and implementation within adopting organizations. Evidence from the healthcare environment and beyond, however, shows the significance and systemic nature of post-adoption challenges in sustainably implementing innovations at scale. There is often only partial diffusion of innovative practices, initial adoption that is followed by abandonment, incomplete or tokenistic implementation, and localized innovation modifications that do not feed back to inform global innovation designs. Critical Theoretical Analysis Such important barriers to realizing the benefits of innovation question the validity of treating diffusion and implementation as unconnected spheres of activity. We argue that theorizing the spread of innovations should be re-focused towards what we call embedding innovation; the question of how innovations are successfully implemented at scale. This involves making the experience of implementation a central concern for the system-level spread of innovations rather than a localized concern of adopting organizations. Insight/Advance To contribute to this shift in theoretical focus, we outline three mechanisms which connect the experience of implementing innovations locally to their diffusion globally within a healthcare system; learning, adapting and institutionalizing. These mechanisms support the distribution of the embedding work for innovation across time and space. Practical Implications Applying this focus enables us to identify the self-limiting tensions within existing top-down and bottom-up approaches to spreading innovation. Further, we outline new approaches to spreading innovation which better exploit these embedding mechanisms