Low-power DAC-less PAM-4 transmitter using a cascaded microring modulator

Future super-computer interconnect systems and data centers request ultrahigh data rate links at low cost and power consumption, for which transmitters with high-level of integration and spectral efficient formats are key components. We report 60 Gb/s pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM-4) of an optical signal using a dual-microring silicon photonics circuit, making a low power, DAC-less PAM modulator. The power consumption is evaluated below 100 fJ/bit, including thermal adjustments. To the best of our knowledge, these results feature the lowest reported power consumption for PAM signaling in a DAC-less scheme for data rate beyond 40 Gb/