Exposure to soil environments during earlier life stages is distinguishable in the gut microbiome of adult mice

Environmental exposure during earlier life stages can govern the assembly and development of gut microbiota, yet it is insufficiently understood. In this study, ex-germ-free mice were cohoused with distinct soil-microbiota (from desert, steppe, and forest) beddings within 60 days after birth and subsequently transferred to new soil beddings from 60 to 90th day. Using metagenomic shotgun sequencing, firstly, we found soil microbes from natural environments (birthplace) greatly influenced the gut community assembly in the housing experiment. About 27% microbial species and 12% functional components that associated with birthplaces at Day 60 were still discriminatory of birthplaces after transferring mice to new environments. Moreover, prior soil-exposure types are associated with the magnitude of temporal microbiome change due to environmental shifts. The appropriate soil-exposure (e.g., steppe) might help mice gut microbiome adapt to changing environments or host development. Our study demonstrated the continuous soil-exposure history earlier is associated with the gut microbiome individuality and development later