An efficient protocol for regenerating shoots from paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera) leaf explants

Paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera) is a tree species that has many economic, ecological, and social uses. This study developed an efficient protocol for regenerating shoots from leaf explants using Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different concentrations of plant growth regulators (PGRs), which play vital roles in shoot regeneration. The best result, 86.67% induction frequency and 4.35 shoots per explant, was obtained in the MS medium containing 2.0 mg/L N6-benzyladenine (BA) and 0.05 mg/L indole-3-butyric acid. The effects of explant age, orientation, and genotype were also investigated. Explants from young leaves had a greater regeneration frequency than those from old leaves, and the results were better when the distal end of the leaf explant contacted the medium versus the proximal end. Approximately 70.96% of the shoots rooted well in the MS medium containing 0.4 mg/L α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). Although some genotypes achieved poorer results, the regeneration protocol is still applicable for mass multiplication and genetic transformation