Migration and Transformation of Heavy Metals in the Soil of the Water-Level Fluctuation Zone in the Three Gorges Reservoir under Simulated Nitrogen Deposition

The accumulation of heavy metals (HMs) in the water-level fluctuation zone (WLFZ) of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) area is potentially harmful to the water environment. In order to reveal whether nitrogen (N) deposition is a potential driving factor for the migration and transformation of HMs (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb), a simulated N deposition experiment was performed on the soil in the WFLZ of the TGR. The results showed that the accumulative release amounts of HMs increased with the increase of N deposition. It was found that the Elovich equation, double-constant equation, and parabolic diffusion equation could well describe the release process of Cu, Cd, Cr, and Ni, while the double-constant equation, parabolic diffusion equation, and first-order equation could be applicable for Pb. The exchangeable fractions of HMs increased to varying degrees after the N deposition treatment, wherein Ni was most significant, indicating that N deposition could increase the ecological risk of HM pollution in the TGR area. The results provide insight into the major factors affecting the release of different HMs under N deposition in this vulnerable region ecologically