Productivity-based retrospective voting: Legislative productivity and voting in the 2019 European Parliament elections

Are European Parliament elections used to pass judgment on the legislative behaviour of parties serving in the European Parliament (EP)? Do Europeans give a bonus in EP elections to political parties whose members were highly active during the legislative term? The paper will focus on the role of legislative activities in the 8th European Parliament term (2014-2019) in informing the 2019 vote choice. The analysis combines the European Election Studies (EES) 2019 Voter Study data with original legislative behaviour data, as well as with data on European electoral systems. The evidence points to productivity-based retrospective voting being a feature of the 2019 elections. Further, the analysis finds that this type of retrospective voting is stronger in countries where electoral rules encourage candidates to promote past legislative records in electoral campaigns, and particularly so for voters that paid attention to the EP campaign in such systems. This has significant implications for retrospective voting and for the EU elections literatures, since it is evidence that the very demanding democratic desiderata of retrospection can be met in multilevel and supranational contexts as well