Spermatozoal ultrastructure in Branchiostoma moretonensis Kelly, a comparison with B. lanceolatum (Cephalochordata) and with other deuterostomes

The spermatozoon of Branchiostoma moretonensis closely resembles that of B. lanceolatum and, though near the primitive sperm, allows recognition of a cephalochordate sperm type. This has: a bell-shaped acrosome; diffuse subacrosomal material not structured as an acrosome rod; subovoidal nucleus with shallow anterior concavity, deep tubular posterior fossa (endonuclear canal) and condensed but lacunate chromatin; single asymmetrical, postnuclear mitochondrion almost completely or completely encircling the centrioles; mutually perpendicular proximal and distal centrioles of the triplet type, with the distal forming the basal body of the flagellum and the proximal (always?), as in B. moretonensis, with a spur-like extension (striated rootlet) into the nuclear fossa; flagellum tilted relative to the longitudinal axis (and endonuclear canal) of the nucleus; a 9 + 2 axoneme with hollow tubules and both dynein arms present on the doublets; and scattered glycogen granules, numerous around the distal centriole. The mitochondrion of B. moretonensis is C-shaped in transverse section, as in urochordates, but cephalochordate sperm resemble those of echinoderms, and specifically holothuroids, more closely. The occurrence of flagellar rootlets and composite mitochondria in various animal groups is discussed. The term paramorphy is proposed for parallel and convergent acquisition of an identical character: symparamorphy where acquisition is by parallelism and alloparamorphy where it is by convergence; the two terms represent, however, extremes of a continuum. Superficially similar but structurally different characters acquired by convergence are termed analogomorphies