Human transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in eleven countries: Diagnostic pattern across time, 1993-2002

Background: The objective of this study was to describe the diagnostic panorama of human transmissible spongiform encephalopathies across 11 countries. Methods: From data collected for surveillance purposes, we describe annual proportions of deaths due to different human transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in eleven EUROCJD-consortium countries over the period 1993-2002, as well as variations in the use of diagnostic tests. Using logistic models we quantified international differences and changes across time. Results: In general, pre-mortem use of diagnostic investigations increased with time. International differences in pathological confirmation of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, stable over time, were evident. Compared to their counterparts, some countries displayed remarkable patterns, such as: 1) the high proportion, increasing with time, of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United Kingdom, (OR 607.99 95%CI 84.72-4363.40), and France (OR 18.35, 95%CI 2.20-152.83); 2) high, decreasing proportions of iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in France, (OR 5.81 95%CI 4.09-8.24), and the United Kingdom, (OR 1.54 95%CI 1.03-2.30); and, 3) high and stable ratios of genetic forms in Slovakia (OR 21.82 95%CI 12.42-38.33) and Italy (OR 2.12 95%CI 1.69-2.68). Conclusion: Considerable international variation in aetiological subtypes of human transmissible spongiform encephalopathies was evident over the observation period. With the exception of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in France and the United Kingdom, these differences persisted across time