An observation-based assessment of the influences of air temperature and snow depth on soil temperature in Russia

This study assessed trends in the variability of soil temperature (T-SOIL) using spatially averaged observation records from Russian meteorological land stations. The contributions of surface air temperature (SAT) and snow depth (SND) to T-SOIL variation were quantitatively evaluated. Composite time series of these data revealed positive trends during the period of 1921-2011, with accelerated increases since the 1970s. The T-SOIL warming rate over the entire period was faster than the SAT warming rate in both permafrost and non-permafrost regions, suggesting that SND contributes to T-SOIL warming. Statistical analysis revealed that the highest correlation between SND and T-SOIL was in eastern Siberia, which is underlain by permafrost. SND in this region accounted for 50% or more of the observed variation in T-SOIL. T-SOIL in the non-permafrost region of western Siberia was significantly correlated with changes in SAT. Thus, the main factors associated with T-SOIL variation differed between permafrost and non-permafrost regions. This finding underscores the importance of including SND data when assessing historical and future variations and trends of permafrost in the Northern Hemisphere