Algae populate nearly every type of environment, from freshwaters and oceans to soil, rock surfaces, ice, snow, etc. They are primary producers at the base of trophic networks, and can play a pioneering role in the conquest of new habitats. In temperate regions, mountain environments are characterized by a sharp gradient of decreasing temperatures, increasing light and UV exposition, and low water content in the soil or low nutrient content in the snow and ice. Green eukaryotic microalgae dominate freshwater and aeroterrestrial environments. Their biodiversity in the Alps is still mostly unknown, and the factors that drive it, poorly understood. Mechanisms of adaptation of green algae to the vast array of conditions in the Alps are barely e...