The term “Dunhuang caves” is generally used to refer to the vast Buddhist cave temple complex of Mogao 莫高, located about 25 kilometers southeast of present‑day Dunhuang, in Gansu province. This site is currently composed of 735 caves constructed on a cliff of approximately 1.7 kilometers in length. A large number of caves are decorated with statues, sculptures, mural paintings, and architectural elements. The earliest extant caves most likely date back to the first half of the fifth century. From that time, and until the fourteenth century, Buddhist believers constructed, reconstructed and restored various sections of this complex, which is one of the largest in East Asia. Specialists have identified various typologies of caves in this site...