Assessing shading losses of photovoltaic power plants based on string data

As decentralized energy supply systems are becoming more and more important for the global energy supply, – apart from a heightened focus on energy rationalization and energy efficiency – increasing the role of variable renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind energy, in energy consumption is gaining more and more significance. Since energy projects tend to be meant for the long term and involve considerable financial investments, it is indispensable to be aware of the country-specific regulatory background when establishing photovoltaic (PV) systems. The last few years have witnessed a trend that new PV power plants are mostly built using traditional crystalline PV technologies, which are prone to irreversible PV module damage due to shading effects. During the operation of PV power plants, anomalies causing loss of income and even fire hazard in extreme cases may occur. Thus, the identification of the problematic parts of the system is of utmost importance. This paper presents the energy relationships of shading by the example of a Hungarian PV system. The goal of this study is to introduce a methodology that can be used internationally to categorize the operational characteristics of the strings of PV power plants on the basis of monitoring data, which allows the assessment of the annual energy loss. The innovative novelty of the model is that its use can provide practical help for the operators of PV systems around the world, since the solution is easy to adapt to real-time supervisory and management platforms and it makes the localization of problematic strings possible, thusly allowing a more focused inspection of PV power plants. The novel practical benefit of the model is that by its use it becomes possible to detect any energy loss resulting from the spacing distance of the strings of PV power plants or faulty operation (the negative shading effects of trees and other objects, faulty inverter operation) by using a simpler calculating mechanism. The early detection of problems is essential for the protection of the PV modules, the subsequent reconstruction of the strings or even solving issues under guarantee. In addition, by assessing the annual energy loss caused by shading, it becomes possible to detect any negative change in the economic indicators of the investment