On the Hausdorff dimension of Furstenberg sets and orthogonal projections in the plane

Let $0 \leq s \leq 1$ and $0 \leq t \leq 2$. An $(s,t)$-Furstenberg set is a set $K \subset \mathbb{R}^{2}$ with the following property: there exists a line set $\mathcal{L}$ of Hausdorff dimension $\dim_{\mathrm{H}} \mathcal{L} \geq t$ such that $\dim_{\mathrm{H}} (K \cap \ell) \geq s$ for all $\ell \in \mathcal{L}$. We prove that for $s\in (0,1)$, and $t \in (s,2]$, the Hausdorff dimension of $(s,t)$-Furstenberg sets in $\mathbb{R}^{2}$ is no smaller than $2s + \epsilon$, where $\epsilon > 0$ depends only on $s$ and $t$. For $s>1/2$ and $t = 1$, this is an $\epsilon$-improvement over a result of Wolff from 1999. The same method also yields an $\epsilon$-improvement to Kaufman's projection theorem from 1968. We show that if $s \in (0,1)$, $t \in (s,2]$ and $K \subset \mathbb{R}^{2}$ is an analytic set with $\dim_{\mathrm{H}} K = t$, then $$\dim_{\mathrm{H}} \{e \in S^{1} : \dim_{\mathrm{H}} \pi_{e}(K) \leq s\} \leq s - \epsilon,$$ where $\epsilon > 0$ only depends on $s$ and $t$. Here $\pi_{e}$ is the orthogonal projection to $\mathrm{span}(e)$.Comment: 64 pages, 2 figures. v3: corrected and improved Proposition 5.2. To appear in Duke Math