Land use planning in the Amazon basin : challenges from resilience thinking

Ruiz Agudelo, César Augusto. Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano. Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Ambientales y Sostenibilidad. Bogota, Colombia.Mazzeo, Nestor. South American Institute for Resilience and Sustainability Studies (SARAS). Maldonado, Uruguay.Díaz, Ismael. Universidad de la República. Departamento de Ecología y Gestión Ambiental (CURE). Maldonado, Uruguay.Barral, María P. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Centro Regional Buenos Aires Sur. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce (EEA Balcarce). Balcarce, Argentina.Piñeiro, Gervasio. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA). Buenos Aires, Argentina.Gadino, Isabel. Universidad de la República. Departamento de Ecología y Gestión Ambiental (CURE). Maldonado, Uruguay.Roche, Ingid. Universidad de la República. Departamento de Ecología y Gestión Ambiental (CURE). Maldonado, Uruguay.Acuña Posada, Rocio Juliana. Conservation International Foundation - Colombia.8Amazonia is under threat. Biodiversity and redundancy loss in the Amazon biome severely limits the long-term provision of key ecosystem services in diverse spatial scales (local, regional, and global). Resilience thinking attempts to understand the mechanisms that ensure a system’s capacity to recover in the face of external pressures, trauma, or disturbances, as well as changes in its internal dynamics. Resilience thinking also promotes relevant transformations of system configurations considered adverse or nonsustainable, and therefore proposes the simultaneous analysis of the adaptive capacity and the transformation of a system. In this context, seven principles have been proposed, which are considered crucial for social ecological systems to become resilient. These seven principles of resilience thinking are analyzed in terms of the land use planning and land management of the Amazonian biome. To comprehend its main conflicts, challenges, and opportunities, we reveal the key aspects of the historical process of Latin America’s land management and the Amazon basin’s past and current land use changes. Based on this review, the Amazon region shows two concrete challenges for resilience: (1) the natural system’s fragmentation, as a consequence of land use limiting key ecological processes, and (2) the cultural and institutional fragmentation of land use projects designed and partially implemented in the region. In addition, the region presents challenges related to institutional design, the expansion and strengthening of real participation spaces, and the promotion of social learning. Finally, polycentric and adaptive governance is itself a major, urgent need for this region and its socialecological complexity