Online Learning and the Future of Higher Education in ESL

Teaching of English as Second Language (ESL) has been moved to online classrooms due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Still, little is known about the present-time advantages and disadvantages of total online ESL learning. This literature review is focused on the results of existing studies and provide recommendations for the future. Studies were included in the review if they were designed as qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods empirical endeavours that explored how ESL students and teachers perceive the presently-delivered ESL online learning in higher education. Eight studies met the inclusion criteria for the review. They identified some of the challenges of total online ESL learning: problems with Internet and devices, limited student engagement, limited social interaction, unsatisfactory educational provision, and eyestrain. Advantages were recognised: studentsʼ familiarity with the digital world, increased access to learning, and heightened participation of shy students. The COVID-19 pandemic has been a difficult time for, teachers and students have worked hard to overcome many challenges. Technology has enabled students and teachers to teach away from institutions to keep safe. This review showed teachers should improve their digital proficiency, use discussion groups and forums to increase student engagement, and ensure sufficient one-to-one feedback. Future researchers should explore the benefits and challenges of online ESL learning